Extinction rate of discovered and undiscovered plants in Singapore

Extinction is a key issue in the assessment of global biodiversity. However, many extinction rate measures do not account for species that went extinct before they could be discovered. The highly developed island city–state of Singapore has one of the best-documented tropical floras in the world. This allowed us to estimate the total rate of floristic extinctions in Singapore since 1822 after accounting for sampling effort and crypto extinctions by collating herbaria records. Our database comprised 34,224 specimens from 2076 native species, of which 464 species (22%) were considered nationally extinct. We assumed that undiscovered species had the same annual per-species extinction rates as discovered species and that no undiscovered species remained extant. With classical and Bayesian algorithms, we estimated that 304 (95% confidence interval, 213–414) and 412 (95% credible interval, 313–534) additional species went extinct before they could be discovered, respectively; corresponding total extinction rate estimates were 32% and 35% (range 30–38%). We detected violations of our 2 assumptions that could cause our extinction estimates, particularly the absolute numbers, to be biased downward. Thus, our estimates should be treated as lower bounds. Our results illustrate the possible magnitudes of plant extirpations that can be expected in the tropics as development continues.     

东营市地下水碘化物的空间分布特征及影响分析

为研究东营市地下水碘化物的空间分布特征以及对环境和饮用水安全的影响,对域内的山前平原区和黄泛平原区分别布设了48个和47个调查点位。结果表明:东营市地下水碘化物质量浓度均值达到(0.247±0.263) mg/L,其环境质量呈现由南向北逐步恶化的变化趋势,超过90%的国土面积处于地下水环境质量标准Ⅳ类。山前平原区南部是东营市唯一具备可饮用地下水的区域,域内以适碘地区为主,缺碘地区和高碘地区分别位于区域东南部和第二次海侵古海岸线附近。总体上,可饮用地下水处于中等缺碘水平,海(咸)水入侵已成为影响可饮用地下水适碘地区范围的关键因素,需引起高度关注。地下水所处的环境地质概况、海(咸)水入侵和大气降水是影响碘化物空间分布的重要因素。     

浅析绿色制造的战略环境评价

绿色制造的战略环境评价是实现可持续发展的关键技术 ,是协调环境与社会经济发展的重要手段。它要求在绿色制造初期———绿色设计阶段就考虑整个制造过程的环境影响 ,从决策源头上控制环境污染的产生和生态环境的破坏。本文从绿色制造的广义内涵入手 ,分析了绿色制造战略环境评价的理论基础和综合集成特性 ,并提出了战略环境评价的指标体系和综合集成评价方法。     

Subarachnoid cyst with hydrocephalus–a complication of mid-trimester amniocentesis

We report a child with a subarachnoid cyst with hydrocephalus following a mid-trimester amniocentesis. Although fetal trauma is a rare complication, it is important to stress the need to perform amniocentesis under ultrasound control. Children with neurological disease or convulsions of unknown origin in early infancy who are born to mothers who have had midtrimester amniocentesis should have a CT scan as part of the investigations to exclude this rare but nevertheless important complication.     

水土化学体系中钙镁对土体结构强度贡献的试验研究

城市区域的土体环境一般是处在常态即常温、常压、缓变异的水化学环境中,在这种环境中,影响土体稳定的要素-土体中的化学组份扮演着重要的角色,而其对诸如地面沉降、土洞的产生都有重要影响。土体稳定受其结构强度控制,钙镁是土体结构构成中重要组成部分,理论与实践分析表明,在常态水环境下,其对结构往往起着控制作用,在常态水环境中,土结构的破裂面并不是通过颗粒本身,而是通过颗粒、颗粒集合体与集合体之间粒间连结。设计的常态水环境下的化学组份变异与CO2分压增高水环境下的室内模拟试验,揭示了化学组份钙镁对土体结构的贡献与对宏观强度的作用。     

土地利用改造规划的多因子空间分析

以福清市土地利用分布为例 ,在完成土地利用状况和土地适宜性参评因子空间数据库基础上 ,集成土地适宜性综合指数模型和地块紧凑度模型 ,开发了基于地理信息系统的土地适宜性评价和土地利用控制决策支持系统。通过土地适宜性多因子空间分析 ,模拟大农业 (耕地、林地、园地 )各目标用地条件下各地块土地使用适宜度 ,并结合土地利用现状 ,得到单目标土地改造方案 ;再经模型优化和综合比较得出多目标土地利用改造规划可选方案。计算结果表明 ,福清市土地资源中开发改造为新耕地的潜力极有限 ,而用于开发改造新林地和园地的土地尚有226 80km₂ 和36 34km₂ ,为福清市土地利用改造规划和总体规划的制定和调整提供了定量依据。     

Lead contamination in tea garden soils and factors affecting its bioavailability

The consumption of heavy metals is detrimental to human health and most countries restrict the concentration of metals such as lead (Pb) in food and beverages. Recent tests have detected high Pb concentrations in certain commercial brands of tea leaves and this finding has raised concerns for both producers and consumers. To investigate what factors may be contributing to the increase in Pb accumulation in the tea leaves we collected tea leaves and soils from tea producing areas and analyzed them for Pb concentration, pH and organic matter content. The result showed the Pb concentration of 47% investigated tea leaves samples was beyond 2 mg kg(-1), the permissible levels given by China. The total Pb concentration in the surface and subsurface soil layers averaged 36.4 and 32.2 mg kg(-1), respectively which fall below of the 60 mg kg(-1) limit provided for organic tea gardens in China. The pH of the tea garden soils was severely acidic with the lowest pH of 3.37. Soils under older tea gardens tended to have a lower pH and a higher Pb bioavailability which was defined as the amount of lead extracted by CaCl2 solution than those under younger tea gardens. We found that the concentration of bioavailable Pb and the percentage of bioavailable Pb (bioavailable Pb relative to total Pb concentration) were positively correlated with soil H+ activity and soil organic matter content, and the organic matter accumulation contribute more effects on Pb bioavailability in these two factors. We conclude that soil acidification and organic matter accumulation could contribute to increasing Pb bioavailability in soil and that these could increase Pb uptake and accumulation in the tea leaves.     

An unconventional approach to studying the reaction kinetics of the Fenton's oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

The Fenton's oxidation kinetics of herbicide 2,4-D at various [Fe(II)] and [H(2)O(2)] combinations was investigated and modelled through an unconventional approach. The reaction kinetics of 2,4-D degradation demonstrated a two-stage pattern of decay, where a very fast reactive stage was followed by a retardation stage due to the depletion of oxidants and to the competitive side-reactions of the intermediates (including 2,4-dichlorophenol, chlorohydroquinone and 2,6-dichlororesorcinol). A model characterized by two newly established constants, the initial decay rate and the maximum oxidative capacity, was proposed and proven capable of describing the two-stage process, which cannot easily be described by conventional first- or second-order kinetics approaches.     

医疗废物中有机质的热解动力学研究

在空气气氛下，对医疗废物中几种有代表性的有机质进行非等温热解实验。分析实验结果发现，热解失重曲线与N2气氛下不同，出现多个DTG峰。利用Freeman—CarroⅡ法求出了各有机质的表观动力学参数，并建立了能较好反映各物料失重过程的表观多步反应动力学模型。针对混合物料无法直接求出表观动力学参数，建立了多组分反应动力学模型。